• A. managed several surprisingly competent jumps.
• B. became convinced perfect jumps were impossible to achieve.
• C. got into difficulty after managing a good jump.
• D. suffered a loss of confidence before his last jump.

Part 4. Read the following passage and choose the best answers (A, B, C, or D).

A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change; When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled-a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of the health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.

Many of the more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentrations of these pollutants were altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles, These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis, natures output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities. However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city.

In this localized region, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles. The result is an increased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a

Chuyen Anh - 2027

pollutant: in fact the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however, has a natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.

• 1.What does the passage mainly discuss?
• A. The economic impact of air pollution.
• B. What constitutes an air pollutant.
• C. How much harm air pollutants can cause.
• D. The effects of compounds added to the atmosphere.
• 2.The word "adversely" is closest in meaning to $\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}$.

  A. negatively

  B. quickly

  C. admittedly

  D. considerably

• 3.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that $\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}$.
• A. water vapor is an air pollutant in localized areas
• B. most air pollutants today can be seen or smelled
• C. the definition of air pollution will continue to change
• D. a substance becomes an air pollutant only in cities
• 4.The word "altered" is closest in meaning to" $\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}$.

  A. eliminated

  B. caused

  C. slowed

  D. changed

• 5.Natural pollutants can play an important role in controlling air pollution for which of the following reasons?
• A. They function as part of a purification process.
• B. They occur in greater quantities than other pollutants.
• C. They are less harmful to living beings than are other pollutants.
• D. They have existed since the Earth developed.
• 6.According to the passage, which of the following is true about human-generated air pollution in localized regions?

Chuyen Anh - 2027

• A. It can be dwarfed by nature's output of pollutants in the localized region.
• B. It can overwhelm the natural system that removes pollutants.
• C. It will damage areas outside of the localized regions.
• D. It will react harmfully with naturally occurring pollutants.

1. The word “noxious” is closest in meaning to $\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}$.

   A. harmful

   B. noticeable

   C. extensive

   D. weak

2. According to the passage, the numerical value of the concentration level of a substance is only useful if $\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}$.

• A. the other substances in the area are known
• B. it is in a localized area
• C. the naturally occurring level is also known
• D. it can be calculated quickly

Part 5. Read the following passage and choose the best answers (A, B, C, or D).

Most of us lead unhealthy lives: we spend far too much time sitting down. If, in addition, we are careless about our diets, our bodies soon become flabby and our systems sluggish. Then the guilt feelings start : “I must go on a diet”, " I must try to lose weight" " I must get more fresh air and exercise", “I must stop smoking”, “I must try to keep fit” . There are some aspects of our unhealthy lives that we cannot avoid. I’m thinking of such features of modern urban life as pollution, noise, rushed meals and stress. But keeping fit is a way to minimize the effects of these evils.

The usual suggestion to a person who is looking for a way to keep fit is to take some sports. While it is true that every weekend you will find people playing football and hockey in the local park, they are outnumbered a hundred to one by the people who are simply watching them. It is an illusion to think that you will get fit by going to watch the football match every Saturday, unless you count the effort required to fight your way through the crowds to get to the best seats.

For those who do not particularly enjoy competitive sports - and it is especially difficult to do so if you are not good at them - there are such solitary activities as cycling, walking and swimming. What often happens, though, is that you do them in such a leisurely way, so slowly, that is doubtful if you are doing yourself much good, apart from the fact that you have at least managed to get up out of your armchair. Of course you can be very thorough about exercise, even fanatical. Many sports shops now sell frightening pieces of apparatus, chest-expanders and other mysterious gadgets of shiny spring steel, which, according to the advertisements, will bring you up to an Olympic standard of fitness, provided that you follow a rigorous and regular programme of exercises. Such programmes generally involve long periods of time bending these curious bits of metal into improbable shapes.

It all strikes me as utterly boring and also time-consuming. Somebody suggested recently that all such effort was pointless anyway because if you spend half an hour every day jogging round the local park, you will add to your life exactly the number of hours that you wasted doing the ‘jogging’ in the first place. The argument is false even if the facts are correct, but there is no doubt that exercise in itself can be boring.

Even after you have found a routine for keeping in shape, through sport or gymnastics or isometrics, you are still only half way to good health, because, according to the experts, you must also master the art of complete metal and physical relaxation. Now, this does not mean snoozing in the armchair or going dancing (which is a good form of exercise in itself). It has to do with deep breathing , emptying your mind of all thoughts, meditation, and so on.

Yoga, as practiced in the West, is the most widely known and popular of the systems for achieving the necessary state of relaxation. Contrary to popular belief, you do not have to learn a lot of strange words or become a Buddhist in order to benefit from Yoga. It seems ironical, though, that as our lives have improved in a material sense, we have found it increasingly necessary to go back to forms of activity – physical effort on the one hand, and relaxation on the other - which were the natural way of life of our forefathers.

1. Unfitness is the result of $\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}$.

   A. lack of fresh air and exercise

Chuyen Anh - 2027

• B. overeating, smoking and living in town
• C. not eating properly and not getting enough exercise
• D. not taking part in sports

1. Pollution, noise and stress are examples of $\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}$.

• A. causes of unfitness
• B. bad features of living in towns
• C. the things we must avoid if we are to stay healthy
• D. industrial life and work

1. Our reaction to being out of condition is to $\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}$.

• A. give up smoking and go on a diet
• B. start a programme of keep-fit exercises
• C. make resolutions to lead a healthier life
• D. take up a sport

1. A lot of people who go to the park at the weekend are $\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}$.

   A. football players

   B. football spectators

   C. keep-fit enthusiasts

   D. unfit or unhealthy

2. You cannot really enjoy competitive sports unless you are $\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}$.

• A. young enough to play them
• B. very good at them
• C. fit enough to play them
• D. a solitary kind of person

1. The reason we don’t get much out of solitary sports such as walking is that we do not $\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}\mathrm{\_}$.

   A. do them often enough

   B. have the encouragement of others

   C. take them seriously enough

   D. do them vigorously enough

Chuyen Anh - 2027