ĐGNL ĐHQG Hà Nội - Tư duy định lượng - Nguyên hàm

Ta có:\[\smallint 0dx = C\] nên A đúng, D sai.

\[\smallint dx = x + C\]  nên B, C sai

Họ nguyên hàm của hàm số đã cho là:

\[\smallint f\left( x \right)dx = \smallint \left( {2x + 3{x^3}} \right)dx = \smallint 2xdx + \smallint 3{x^3}dx = 2\smallint xdx + 3\smallint {x^3}dx\]

\[ = 2.\frac{{{x^2}}}{2} + 3.\frac{{{x^4}}}{4} + C = {x^2} + \frac{{3{x^4}}}{4} + C = {x^2}\left( {1 + \frac{3}{4}{x^2}} \right) + C\]

Ta có:\[\smallint f\left( x \right)dx = \smallint \left( {{x^2} + \frac{2}{{{x^2}}}} \right)dx = \frac{1}{3}{x^3} - \frac{2}{x} + C\]

Ta có:

\[F\left( x \right) = \smallint f\left( x \right)dx = \smallint {e^{ - 2018x + 2017}}dx = \frac{1}{{ - 2018}}{e^{ - 2018x + 2017}} + C\]

Với x=1 thì \[ - \frac{1}{{2018}}{e^{ - 1}} + C = e \Leftrightarrow C = e + \frac{1}{{2018}}{e^{ - 1}}\]

Vậy\[F\left( x \right) = - \frac{1}{{2018}}{e^{ - 2018x + 2017}} + e + \frac{1}{{2018e}}\]

Vì\[F\left( x \right) = {x^2}\] là nguyên hàm của hàm số\[f\left( x \right){e^{4x}}\] nên:

\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{f\left( x \right){e^{4x}} = F'\left( x \right) = 2x}\\{ \Rightarrow f\left( x \right) = \frac{{2x}}{{{e^{4x}}}}}\end{array}\]

\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{ \Rightarrow f'\left( x \right) = \frac{{2{e^{4x}} - 8x.{e^{4x}}}}{{{{\left( {{e^{4x}}} \right)}^2}}} = \frac{{2 - 8x}}{{{e^{4x}}}}}\\{ \Rightarrow f'\left( x \right){e^{4x}} = 2 - 8x}\\{ \Rightarrow \smallint f'\left( x \right){e^{4x}}dx = \smallint \left( {2 - 8x} \right)dx = - 4{x^2} + 2x + C}\end{array}\]

Ta có:

\[F'\left( x \right) = 3{x^2} + 2x - 1 \Rightarrow F\left( x \right) = \smallint F'\left( x \right)dx = \smallint \left( {3{x^2} + 2x - 1} \right)dx = {x^3} + {x^2} - x + C\]

Tại x=0 thì y=2 suy ra\[2 = C \Rightarrow F\left( x \right) = {x^3} + {x^2} - x + 2\] và tổng các hệ số của F(x) là 3.

\[\frac{{2x + 3}}{{2{x^2} - x - 1}} = \frac{{2x + 3}}{{\left( {2x + 1} \right)\left( {x - 1} \right)}}\]

Do đó, ta cần biến đổi\[\frac{{2x + 3}}{{2{x^2} - x - 1}} = \frac{a}{{2x + 1}} + \frac{b}{{x - 1}}\] để tính được nguyên hàm.

Ta có:

\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{\frac{a}{{2x + 1}} + \frac{b}{{x - 1}} = \frac{{a\left( {x - 1} \right) + b\left( {2x + 1} \right)}}{{\left( {2x + 1} \right)\left( {x - 1} \right)}}}\\{ = \frac{{ax - a + 2bx + b}}{{\left( {2x + 1} \right)\left( {x - 1} \right)}} = \frac{{\left( {a + 2b} \right)x - a + b}}{{\left( {2x + 1} \right)\left( {x - 1} \right)}}}\end{array}\]

\( \Rightarrow \frac{{2x + 3}}{{2{x^2} - x - 1}} = \frac{{(a + 2b)x - a + b}}{{(2x + 1)(x - 1)}}\)

\( \Leftrightarrow \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{a + 2b = 2}\\{ - a + b = 3}\end{array}} \right. \Leftrightarrow \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{a = - \frac{4}{3}}\\{b = \frac{5}{3}}\end{array}} \right.\)

 Do đó:

\[\smallint \frac{{2x + 3}}{{2{x^2} - x - 1}}dx\; = \smallint \left[ { - \frac{4}{3}.\frac{1}{{\left( {2x + 1} \right)}} + \frac{5}{3}.\frac{1}{{\left( {x - 1} \right)}}} \right]dx\;\]

\[ = \; - \frac{4}{3}\smallint \frac{1}{{\left( {2x + 1} \right)}}dx\; + \frac{5}{3}\smallint \frac{1}{{\left( {x - 1} \right)}}dx\]

\[ = \; - \frac{4}{3}.\frac{1}{2}\ln \left| {2x + 1} \right| + \frac{5}{3}\ln \left| {x - 1} \right| + C = \; - \frac{2}{3}\ln \left| {2x + 1} \right| + \frac{5}{3}\ln \left| {x - 1} \right| + C\]

Ta có:\[f\left( x \right).f'\left( x \right) = \left( {2x + 1} \right)\sqrt {1 + {f^2}\left( x \right)} \]

\[ \Rightarrow \frac{{f\left( x \right).f'\left( x \right)}}{{\sqrt {1 + {f^2}\left( x \right)} }} = 2x + 1 \Rightarrow \smallint \frac{{f\left( x \right).f'\left( x \right)}}{{\sqrt {1 + {f^2}\left( x \right)} }}dx = \smallint \left( {2x + 1} \right)dx\]

Tính\[\smallint \frac{{f\left( x \right).f'\left( x \right)}}{{\sqrt {1 + {f^2}\left( x \right)} }}dx\]  ta đặt

\[\sqrt {1 + {f^2}\left( x \right)} = t \Rightarrow 1 + {f^2}\left( x \right) = {t^2} \Rightarrow 2f\left( x \right)f'\left( x \right)dx = 2tdt\]

\[ \Rightarrow f\left( x \right)f'\left( x \right)dx = tdt\]

Thay vào ta được

\[\smallint \frac{{f\left( x \right).f'\left( x \right)}}{{\sqrt {1 + {f^2}\left( x \right)} }}dx = \smallint \frac{{tdt}}{t} = \smallint dt = t + C = \sqrt {1 + {f^2}\left( x \right)} + C\]

Do đó\[\sqrt {1 + {f^2}\left( x \right)} + C = {x^2} + x\]

\[f\left( 0 \right) = 2\sqrt 2 \Rightarrow \sqrt {1 + {{\left( {2\sqrt 2 } \right)}^2}} + C = 0 \Leftrightarrow C = - 3\]

Từ đó:

\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{\sqrt {1 + {f^2}\left( x \right)} - 3 = {x^2} + x \Rightarrow \sqrt {1 + {f^2}\left( 1 \right)} - 3 = 1 + 1 \Leftrightarrow \sqrt {1 + {f^2}\left( 1 \right)} = 5}\\{ \Leftrightarrow 1 + {f^2}\left( 1 \right) = 25 \Leftrightarrow {f^2}\left( 1 \right) = 24 \Leftrightarrow f\left( 1 \right) = \sqrt {24} }\end{array}\]

\[\smallint \left( {{x^2} + 4} \right)dx = \frac{{{x^3}}}{3} + 4x + C\]

Ta có\[\smallint \left( {{e^x} + 2} \right)dx = {e^x} + 2x + C\]

Ta có \[f\left( x \right) = \frac{{{x^2} - 2x + 1}}{{x - 2}} = x + \frac{1}{{x - 2}}\]

\[ \Rightarrow \smallint f\left( x \right)dx = \smallint \left( {x + \frac{1}{{x - 2}}} \right)dx = \smallint xdx + \smallint \frac{1}{{x - 2}}dx\]

\[ = \frac{{{x^2}}}{2} + \ln \left| {x - 2} \right| + C\]