Giải SBT Toán 11 Cánh Diều Các phép biến đổi lượng giác có đáp án

Đáp án đúng là: C

Ta có \(A = \frac{{\sin x + \sin 2x + \sin 3x}}{{\cos x + \cos 2x + \cos 3x}}\)\( = \frac{{\left( {\sin x + \sin 3x} \right) + \sin 2x}}{{\left( {\cos x + \cos 3x} \right) + \cos 2x}}\)

\( = \frac{{2\sin \frac{{x + 3x}}{2}\cos \frac{{x - 3x}}{2} + \sin 2x}}{{2\cos \frac{{x + 3x}}{2}\cos \frac{{x - 3x}}{2} + \cos 2x}}\)\( = \frac{{2\sin 2x\cos \left( { - x} \right) + \sin 2x}}{{2\cos 2x\cos \left( { - x} \right) + \cos 2x}}\)

\( = \frac{{\sin 2x\left( {2\cos x + 1} \right)}}{{\cos 2x\left( {2\cos x + 1} \right)}} = \frac{{\sin 2x}}{{\cos 2x}} = \tan 2x\).

Vì \(\frac{\pi }{2} < a < \pi \) nên cos a < 0, do đó từ sin² a + cos² a = 1, suy ra

\(\cos a = - \sqrt {1 - {{\sin }^2}a} = - \sqrt {1 - {{\left( {\frac{2}{3}} \right)}^2}} = - \frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{3}\).

Ta có \(\tan a = \frac{{\sin a}}{{\cos a}} = \frac{{\frac{2}{3}}}{{ - \frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{3}}} = - \frac{{2\sqrt 5 }}{5}\).

\(\sin \left( {a + \frac{\pi }{4}} \right)\)\( = \sin a\cos \frac{\pi }{4} + \cos a\sin \frac{\pi }{4}\)\( = \frac{2}{3}.\frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2} + \left( { - \frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{3}} \right).\frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2} = \frac{{2\sqrt 2 - \sqrt {10} }}{6}\).

\(\cos \left( {a - \frac{{5\pi }}{6}} \right)\)\( = \cos a\cos \frac{{5\pi }}{6} + \sin a\sin \frac{{5\pi }}{6}\)\( = \left( { - \frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{3}} \right).\left( { - \frac{{\sqrt 3 }}{2}} \right) + \frac{2}{3}.\frac{1}{2} = \frac{{\sqrt {15}  + 2}}{6}\).

\(\tan \left( {a + \frac{{2\pi }}{3}} \right)\)\( = \frac{{\tan a + \tan \frac{{2\pi }}{3}}}{{1 - \tan a\tan \frac{{2\pi }}{3}}} = \frac{{ - \frac{{2\sqrt 5 }}{5} + \left( { - \sqrt 3 } \right)}}{{1 - \left( { - \frac{{2\sqrt 5 }}{5}} \right).\left( { - \sqrt 3 } \right)}} = \frac{{8\sqrt 5 + 9\sqrt 3 }}{7}\).

\(\sin 2a = 2\sin a\cos a = 2.\frac{2}{3}.\left( { - \frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{3}} \right) = - \frac{{4\sqrt 5 }}{9}\).

Do π < a < 2π nên \(\frac{\pi }{2} < \frac{a}{2} < \pi \). Suy ra \(\sin \frac{a}{2} > 0,\,\,\cos \frac{a}{2} < 0\).

Ta có: \({\sin ^2}\frac{a}{2} = \frac{{1 - \cos a}}{2} = \frac{{1 - 0,2}}{2} = 0,4\), suy ra \(\sin \frac{a}{2} = \frac{{\sqrt {10} }}{5}\).

Do đó, \(\cos \frac{a}{2} = - \sqrt {1 - {{\sin }^2}\frac{a}{2}} = - \sqrt {1 - {{\left( {\frac{{\sqrt {10} }}{5}} \right)}^2}} = - \frac{{\sqrt {15} }}{5}\).

\(\tan \frac{a}{2} = \frac{{\sin \frac{a}{2}}}{{\cos \frac{a}{2}}} = \frac{{\frac{{\sqrt {10} }}{5}}}{{ - \frac{{\sqrt {15} }}{5}}} = - \frac{{\sqrt 6 }}{3}\).

Ta có \(\sin a = 2\sin \frac{a}{2}\cos \frac{a}{2} = \frac{{2\sin \frac{a}{2}\cos \frac{a}{2}}}{{{{\sin }^2}\frac{a}{2} + {{\cos }^2}\frac{a}{2}}}\)      (do \({\sin ^2}\frac{a}{2} + {\cos ^2}\frac{a}{2} = 1\))

\( = \frac{{2\tan \frac{a}{2}}}{{{{\tan }^2}\frac{a}{2} + 1}} = \frac{{2.\frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}}}{{{{\left( {\frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}} \right)}^2} + 1}} = \frac{{2\sqrt 2 }}{3}\).     

\(\cos a = {\cos ^2}\frac{a}{2} - {\sin ^2}\frac{a}{2} = \frac{{{{\cos }^2}\frac{a}{2} - {{\sin }^2}\frac{a}{2}}}{{{{\sin }^2}\frac{a}{2} + {{\cos }^2}\frac{a}{2}}}\)\( = \frac{{1 - {{\tan }^2}\frac{a}{2}}}{{{{\tan }^2}\frac{a}{2} + 1}} = \frac{{1 - {{\left( {\frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}} \right)}^2}}}{{{{\left( {\frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}} \right)}^2} + 1}} = \frac{1}{3}\).

\(\tan a = \frac{{\sin a}}{{\cos a}} = \frac{{\frac{{2\sqrt 2 }}{3}}}{{\frac{1}{3}}} = 2\sqrt 2 \).

Ta có cos(a + 2b) = 2cos a

⇔ cos[(a + b) + b] = 2cos[(a + b) – b]

⇔ cos(a + b) . cos b – sin(a + b) . sin b = 2[cos(a + b) . cos b + sin(a + b) . sin b]

⇔ cos(a + b) . cos b – 2 cos(a + b) . cos b = 2 sin(a + b) . sin b + sin(a + b) . sin b

⇔ – cos(a + b) . cos b = 3 sin(a + b) . sin b

⇔ sin(a + b) . sin b = \( - \frac{1}{3}\) cos(a + b) . cos b

\( \Leftrightarrow \frac{{\sin \left( {a + b} \right)\sin b}}{{\cos \left( {a + b} \right)\cos b}} = - \frac{1}{3}\)

Vì tam giác ABC không vuông nên A, B, C khác \(\frac{\pi }{2}\), do đó tan A, tan B, tan C xác định.

Do A + B + C = π nên A + B = π – C, do đó tan(A + B) = tan(π – C) = tan(– C) = – tanC.

Mà \(\tan \left( {A + B} \right) = \frac{{\tan A + \tan B}}{{1 - \tan A\tan B}}\).

Khi đó \(\frac{{\tan A + \tan B}}{{1 - \tan A\,\tan B}} = - \tan C\)

⇔ tan A + tan B = – tan C . (1 – tan A . tan B)

⇔ tan A + tan B = – tan C + tan A . tan B . tan C

⇔ tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A . tan B . tan C.

Ta có \(\frac{{A + B + C}}{2} = \frac{\pi }{2}\), suy ra \(\frac{A}{2} + \frac{B}{2} = \frac{\pi }{2} - \frac{C}{2}\) nên \(\tan \left( {\frac{A}{2} + \frac{B}{2}} \right) = \cot \frac{C}{2}\)

\( \Leftrightarrow \frac{{\tan \frac{A}{2} + \tan \frac{B}{2}}}{{1 - \tan \frac{A}{2}.\tan \frac{B}{2}}} = \frac{1}{{\tan \frac{C}{2}}}\)

\( \Leftrightarrow \left( {\tan \frac{A}{2} + \tan \frac{B}{2}} \right)\tan \frac{C}{2} = 1 - \tan \frac{A}{2}.\tan \frac{B}{2}\)

\( \Leftrightarrow \tan \frac{A}{2}.\tan \frac{C}{2} + \tan \frac{B}{2}.\tan \frac{C}{2} + \tan \frac{A}{2}.\tan \frac{B}{2} = 1\)

\( \Leftrightarrow \tan \frac{A}{2}.\tan \frac{B}{2} + \tan \frac{B}{2}.\tan \frac{C}{2} + \tan \frac{C}{2}.\tan \frac{A}{2} = 1\).

Trong tam giác vuông ABM, có \(\tan \widehat {BAM} = \frac{{BM}}{{BA}} = \frac{1}{2}\).

Trong tam giác vuông ADN, có \(\tan \widehat {DAN} = \frac{{DN}}{{AD}} = \frac{{DN}}{{DC}} = \frac{1}{3}\).

Do đó, \(\tan \left( {\widehat {BAM} + \widehat {DAN}} \right)\)\( = \frac{{\tan \widehat {BAM} + \tan \widehat {DAN}}}{{1 - \tan \widehat {BAM}.\tan \widehat {DAN}}}\)\( = \frac{{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3}}}{{1 - \frac{1}{2}.\frac{1}{3}}} = 1\).

Từ câu a) ta có \(\tan \left( {\widehat {BAM} + \widehat {DAN}} \right)\) = 1 nên \(\widehat {BAM} + \widehat {DAN} = 45^\circ \).

Suy ra \(\widehat {MAN} = \widehat {BAD} - \left( {\widehat {BAM} + \widehat {DAN}} \right) = 90^\circ - 45^\circ = 45^\circ \).

Vậy góc chiếu sáng của đèn pin bằng 45°.