(Viên chức Mầm non) 650 câu trắc nghiệm Đọc hiểu tiếng Anh có đáp án - Phần 23
28 câu hỏi
ReadthefollowingpassageandmarktheletterA,B, C,orD onyouranswersheettoindicatethecorrectanswertoeachofthe questions.
Untilrecently,mostAmericanentrepreneursweremen.Discrimination againstwomeninbusiness,thedemandsofcaringforfamilies,andlackof businesstraininghadkeptthenumberofwomenentrepreneurssmall.Now, however,businessesownedbywomenaccountformorethan$40billionin annualrevenues,andthisfigureislikelytocontinuerisingthroughoutthe 1990s.AsCarolynDoppeltGray,anofficialoftheSmallBusiness Administration,hasnoted,"The1970swasthedecadeofwomenentering management,andthe1980sturnedouttobethedecadeofthewoman entrepreneur".Whataresomeofthefactorsbehindthistrend?Foronething, asmorewomenearnadvanceddegreesinbusinessandenterthecorporate world,theyarefindingobstacles.Womenarestillexcludedfrommost executivesuites.CharlotteTaylor,amanagementconsultant,hadnoted,"Inthe 1970swomenbelievediftheygotanMBAandworkedhardtheycouldbecome chairmanoftheboard.Nowthey'vefoundoutthatisn'tgoingtohappen,so they go out on their own".
Inthepast,mostwomenentrepreneursworkedin"women's"fields:cosmetics andclothing,forexample.Butthisischanging.ConsiderASKComputer Systems,a$22-million-a-yearcomputersoftwarebusiness.Itwasfoundedin 1973bySandraKurtzig,whowasthenahousewifewithdegreesinmathand engineering.WhenKurtzigfoundedthebusiness,herfirstproductwassoftware thatletweeklynewspaperskeeptabsontheirnewspapercarriers-andher officewasabedroomathome,withashoeboxunderthebedtoholdthe company's cash. After she succeeded with the newspaper software system, she hiredseveralbrightcomputer-sciencegraduatestodevelopadditional programs.Whentheseweremarketedandsold,ASKbegantogrow.Itnowhas 200 employees, and Sandra Kurtzig owns $66.9 million of stock.
Ofcourse,manywomenwhostarttheirownbusinessesfail,justasmenoften do.Theystillfacehurdlesinthebusinessworld,especiallyproblemsinraising money;thebankingandfinanceworldisstilldominatedbymen,andold attitudesdiehard.Mostbusinessesownedbywomenarestillquitesmall.But thesituationischanging;therearelikelytobemanymoreSandraKurtzigsin the years ahead.
What is the main idea of this passage?
The computer is especially lucrative forwomen today.
Womentodayarebettereducatedthaninthepast,makingthemmore attractive to the business world.
Women are betterat small business thanmen are.
Women today areopening more business of their own.
The word “excluded” is closestmeaning to ___________ .
often invited to
not permitted in
decorators of
charged admission to
Allofthefollowingwerementionedinthepassageasdetriments to women in the business world EXCEPT ___________.
Women were required to stayat home with their families.
Women faced discrimination in business.
Women lacked abilityto work in business.
Women were not trained in business.
Accordingtothepassage,CharlotteTaylorbelievesthatwomen in 1970s ___________
were unrealistic about their opportunities in business management.
had fewer obstacles inbusiness thanthey do today.
were unable to workhard enough to success in business.
were still more interested ineducation than business opportunities
Theauthormentionsthe“shoesboxunderthebed”inorderto ___________.
show the resourcefulness of Sandra Kurtzig
show the frugality of women in business
pointoutthatinitiallythefinancialresourcesofSandraKurtzig’sbusiness were limited
suggest that the company needed toexpand
Theexpression“keeptabson”isclosestmeaningto ___________.
pay the salaries of
keep records of
provide transportation for
recognizethe appearance of
The word “hurdles” can be best replaced by ___________.
fences
obstacles
questions
smallgroups
Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbelievesthat business operated by women are small because ___________.
Manywomen fail at large businesses.
Women are not able to borrow money easily.
Women prefer a small intimate setting.
Women can’t deal withmoney.
ReadthefollowingpassageandmarktheletterA,B, C,orD onyouranswersheettoindicatethecorrectanswertoeachofthe questions.
Whotalksmore-menorwomen?Mostpeoplebelievethatwomentalkmore. However,linguistDeborahTannen,whohasthestudiedthecommunication styleofmenandwomen,saysthatthisisastereotype.AccordingtoTannen, womenaremoreverbal-talkmore-inprivatesituations,wheretheyuse conversationasthe“glue’toholdrelationshipstogether.But,shesays,men talkmoreinpublicsituations,wheretheyuseconversationtoexchange informationandgainstatus.Tannenpointsoutthatwecanseethesedifference eveninchildren.Littlegirlsoftenplaywithone‘bestfriend’andtheirplay includesalotofconversation.Littleboysoftenplaygamesingroups,theirplay usuallyinvolvesmoredoingthantalking.Inschool,girlsareoftenbetterat verbal skills, while boys are often betteratmathematics.
ArecentstudyatEmoryUniversityhelpstoshedlightontherootsofthis difference.Researchersstudiedconversationbetweenchildrenaged3-6and theirparents.Theyfoundevidencethatparentstalkverydifferentlytotheir sonsthantheydototheirdaughters.Thestartlingconclusionwasthatparents usemorelanguagewiththeirgirls.Specifically,whenparentstalkwiththeirdaughters,theyusemoredescriptivelanguageandmoredetails.Thereisalso far more talk about emotions, especiallywith daughters than with sons.
Whichsentencebestexpressesthemainideaofthefirst paragraph?
Women talkmore than men on the whole
Women’s talking is astereotype
Women talkmore inprivate, and men talk more inpublic
Little boys and little girls have different ways of playing
Which word is similar inmeaning to the word “glue” ?
games
stickysubstance
rope
means
Whichofthefollowingphrasesbestexplainsthemeaningofthe word “verbal”?
Deriving from verbs
Using very loudnoise
Connected with use of spoken language
Being very talkative
The word “they” refers to___________.
Situations
Men
Men and women
Women
Whichsentencebestexpressesthemainideaofthesecond paragraph?
Researchers have studied the conversations of children and their parents.
Parents do not talk muchabout sadness with their sons.
StudyatEmoryUniversitycanhelptoexplainthedifferencesbetween communication styles of boysand girls.
AnEmoryUniversitystudyfoundthanparentstalkmorewiththeir daughters than with their sons.
Which of the following statement is TRUEabout the passage?
Parents give more love to their daughters than to their sons.
Boys don’t like to be with their parents asmuch as girls do.
Parents use more language to talk with their daughters.
Boys don’t like showing emotions.
ReadthefollowingpassageandmarktheletterA,B, C,orD onyouranswersheettoindicatethecorrectanswertoeachofthe questions.
Anumberoffactorsrelatedtothevoicerevealthepersonalityofthespeaker. Thefirstisthebroadareaofcommunication,whichincludesimparting informationbyuseoflanguage,communicatingwithagrouporanindividual andspecializedcommunicationthroughperformance.Apersonconveys thoughtsandideasthroughchoice ofwords,byatone ofvoicethatispleasant orunpleasant,gentleorharsh,bytherhythmthatisinherentwithinthe languageitself,andbyspeechrhythmsthatareflowingandregularoruneven andhesitant,andfinally,bythepitchandmelodyoftheutterance.When speakingbeforeagroup,aperson'stonemayindicateuncertaintyorfright, confidenceorcalm.Atinterpersonallevels,thetonemayreflectideasand feelingsoverandabovethewordschosen,ormaybelievethem.Here,the participant'stonecanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyreflectintuitivesympathy orantipathy,lackofconcernorinterest,fatigue,anxiety,enthusiasmor excitement,allofwhichareusuallydiscerniblebytheacutelistener.Public performanceisamannerofcommunicationthatishighlyspecializedwithits owntechniquesforobtainingeffectsbyvoiceand/orgesture.Themotivation derivedfromthetext,andinthecaseofsinging,themusic,incombinationwith theperformersskills,personality,andabilitytocreateempathywilldetermine the success of artistic,political, or pedagogic communication.
Second,thevoicegivespsychologicalcluestoaperson'sself-image, perceptionofothers,andemotionalhealth.Self-imagecanbeindicatedbya toneofvoicethatisconfident,pretentious,shy,aggressive,outgoing,or exuberant,tonameonlyafewpersonalitytraits.Alsothesoundmaygivea cluetothefacadeormaskofthatperson,forexample,ashypersonhiding behind an overconfident front.Howaspeakerperceivesthelistener’sreceptiveness,interest,orsympathyin anygivenconversationcandrasticallyalterthetoneofpresentation,by encouragingordiscouragingthespeaker.Emotionalhealthisevidencedinthe voicebyfreeandmelodicsoundsofthehappy,byconstrictedandharshsound of the angry, andby dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.
The word “Here” in the passage refers to__________.
interpersonal interaction
the tone
ideas andfeelings
words chosen
Whydoestheauthormention“artistic,political,orpedagogic communication” in the passage?
To introduce the idea of self-image
As examples of public performance
As examples of basic styles of communication
To contrast themto singing
Theword"derived"inline13isclosestinmeaningto ____________.
discussed
prepared
registered
obtained
Accordingtothepassage,anexuberanttoneofvoicemaybean indicationof a person's _______.
general physical health
abilitytocommunicate
personality
vocal quality
Accordingtothepassage,anoverconfidentfrontmayhide _______.
hostility
shyness
friendliness
strength
Accordingtothepassage,whatdoesaconstrictedandharshvoice indicate?
Lethargy
Depression
Boredom
Anger
Accordingtothepassage,anexuberanttoneofvoicemaybean indicationof a person’s ____________.
general physical health
abilityto communicate
personality
vocal quality
Accordingtodecision-worksheettheory,anoptimaldecisionis defined as one that
has thefewest variables toconsider
uses themost decision worksheet
has the most points assigned to it
is agreed to by the greatest number of people
ReadthefollowingpassageandmarktheletterA,B, C,orD onyouranswersheettoindicatethecorrectanswertoeachofthe questions.
Researchersinthefieldofpsychologyhavefoundthatoneofthebestwayto makeanimportantdecision,suchaschoosingauniversitytoattendorbusiness toinvestin,involvestheutilizationofadecisionworksheet.Psychologistswho studyoptimizationcomparetheactualdecisionsmadebypeopletotheretical idealdecisionstoseehowsimilartheyare.Proponentsoftheworksheet procedurebelievethatitwillyieldoptimal,thatis,thebestdecisions.Although thereareseveralvariationsontheexactformatthatworksheetscamtake,they are all similar in their essential aspects.
Worksheetsrequiredefiningtheprobleminaclearandconcisewayandthen listingallpossiblesolutionstotheproblem.Next,thepertinentconsiderations thatallpossiblesolutionstotheproblem.Next,thepertinentconsiderationsthat willbeaffectedbyeachdecisionarelisted,andtherelativeimportanceofeach considerationorconsequenceisdetermined.Eachconsiderationisassigneda numericalvaluetoreflectitsrelativeimportance.Adecisionismathematically calculatedbyaddingthesevaluestogether.Thealternativewiththehighest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Sincemostimportantproblemsaremultifaceted,thereareseveralalternatives tochoosefrom,eachwithuniqueadvantagesanddisadvantages.Oneofthe benefitsofapencilandpaperdecision-makingprocedureisthatitpermits people todeal withmorevariables thantheirmindscan generally comprehend andremember.Ontheaverage,peoplecankeepaboutsevenideasintheir mindsatonce.Aworksheetcanbeespeciallyusefulwhenthedecisioninvolves alargenumberofvariableswithcomplexrelationships.Arealisticexamplefor manycollegestudentsisthequestion"WhatwillIdoaftergraduation?"A graduatemightseekapositionthatoffersspecializedtraining,pursuean advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
Adecision-makingworksheetbeginswithasuccinctstatementoftheproblem thatwillalsohelptonarrowit.Itisimportanttobeclearaboutthedistinction betweenlong-rangeandimmediategoalsbecauselong-rangegoalsoften
involveadifferentdecisionthanshort-rangeones.Focusingonlong-range goals,agraduatingstudentmightrevisethequestionaboveto"WhatwillIdo after graduation that will lead to a successful career?"
Which of the following termsis defined in the passage?
Proponents (paragraph 1)
Optimal (paragraph 1)
Variables (paragraph 3)
Long-range goals (paragraph 4)
The word "essential" in paragraph 1 is closest inmeaning to
introductory
fundamental
changeable
Beneficial
Theauthorstatesthat"Ontheaverage,peoplecankeepabout seven ideas intheir minds at once" (paragraph 3) to explain that
people can learnto keep more than seven ideas intheirminds with practice
most decisions involve seven steps.
human mental capacity has limitations.
some people have difficulty makingminor as well as major decisions.
The word "it" in paragraph 4 refers to
worksheet
problem
distinction
Decision
What does the passage mainly discuss?
A comparisonof actual decisions and ideal decisions.
Researchon how people make decisions.
A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
Differences betweenlong-range and short-rangedecision making.
Ofthefollowingsteps,whichoccursBEFOREtheothersin making a decision worksheet?
Listing the consequences of each solution.
Writing down all possible solutions.
Deciding which consequences are most important.
Calculating a numerical summary of each solution.
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