(Viên chức Mầm non) 650 câu trắc nghiệm Đọc hiểu tiếng Anh có đáp án - Phần 17
31 câu hỏi
ReadthefollowingpassageandmarktheletterA,B, C,orD onyouranswersheettoindicatethecorrectanswertoeachofthe questions.
Ifwebelievethatclothinghastodowithcoveringthebody,andcostumes withthechoiceofaparticularformofgarmentforaparticularuse,thenwecan saythatclothingdependsprimarilyonsuchphysicalconditionsasclimate, health,andtextilemanufacture,whereascostumesreflectsocialfactorssuchas religiousbeliefs,aesthetics,personalstatus,andthewishtobedistinguished from orto emulate our fellows.TheancientGreeksandtheChinesebelievedthatwefirstcoveredourbodies forsomephysicalreasonsuchasprotectingourselvesfromtheweather elements.Ethnologists and psychologists have invoked psychological reasons: modesty inthe caseof ancients, andtaboo,magicalinfluence and the desireto please forthe moderns.
Inearlyhistory,costumesmusthavefulfilledafunctionbeyondthatofsimple utility,perhapsthroughsomemagicalsignificance,investingprimitiveman withtheattributesofothercreatures.Ornamentsidentifiedthewearerwith animals,gods,heroesorothermen.Thisidentificationremainssymbolicin moresophisticatedsocieties.Weshouldbearinmindthatthetheaterhasits distantoriginsinsacredperformances,andinallperiodschildrenatplayhave worn disguises, so as to adaptgraduallytoadult life.
Costumeshelpedinspirefearorimposeauthority.Forachieftain,costumes embodied attributes expressing his power,while a warrior's costume enhanced hisphysicalsuperiorityandsuggestedhewassuperhuman.Inmorerecent times,professionaloradministrativecostumehasbeendevisedtodistinguish thewearerandexpresspersonalordelegatedauthority;thispurposeisseen clearlyinthejudge'srobesandthepoliceofficer’suniform.Costumedenotes power,and sincepoweris usuallyequated withwealth,costumecameto bean expressionofsocialcasteandmaterialprosperity.Militaryuniformdenotes rankandisintendedtointimidatetoprotectthebodyandtoexpress membershipinagroup.Atthebottomofthescale,therearesuchcompulsory costumesastheconvict’suniform.Finally,costumecanpossessareligious significancethatcombinesvariouselements:anactualorsymbolic identificationwithagod,thedesiretoexpressthisinearthlylife,andthedesire to enhance the wearer's position of respect.
The passage mainly discusses costume in termsof its _______
physical protection
religious significance
social function
beauty and attractiveness
What is thepurposeof the paragraph 1?
To describe the uses of costume
To contrast costume with the clothing
To trade the origins of costume
To point out that clothing developed before costume
Psychological reasons for wearing garments include _______.
protection fromcold
prevention of illness
availability of materials
wishing to givepleasure
Theword“Ornaments”inparagraph3isclosetinmeaningto _______.
garments
representation
details
decorations
It can be inferredfrom paragraph 3 that _______.
The function of costume has become very sophisticated.
Children liketo identify with other creature by wearing costumes.
Primitive people wore cloths only for sacredperformances.
Costume no longer fulfills a function beyond simple utility.
Why does the author mention the police officer's uniform?
To illustrate the aesthetic function of costume
To identify the wearer witha hero
To suggest thatpolice are superhuman
To show how costume signifies authority
Theword“denotes”inlineparagraph4isclosestinmeaning to_______.
disguises
describes
indicates
denigrates
WhichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelyNOTbereflectedina person's costume, as it is defined in the passage?
Having a heart condition
Playing ina baseball game
Working in a hospital
Participating in a religious ceremony
ReadthefollowingpassageandmarktheletterA,B, C,orD onyouranswersheettoindicatethecorrectanswertoeachofthe questions.
Mostformsofpropertyareconcreteandtangible,suchashouses,cars, furnitureoranythingelsethatisincludedinone’spossessions. Otherformsof propertycanbeintangible,andcopyrightdealswithintangibleformsof property.Copyrightisalegalprotectionextendedtoauthorsofcreativeworks, forexamplebooksmagazinearticles,maps,films,plays,televisionshows, software,paintings,photographs,music,choreographyindanceandallother formsof intellectual or artistic property.
Althoughthepurposeofartisticpropertyisusuallypublicuseandenjoyment, copyrightestablishestheownershipofthecreator.Whenapersonbuysa copyrightedmagazine,itbelongstothisindividualasatangibleobject. However,theauthorsofthemagazinearticlesowntheresearchandthewriting thatwentintocreatingthearticles.Therighttomakeandsellorgiveaway copiesofbooksorarticlesbelongstotheauthors,publishers,orother individuals ororganizationsthat holdthe copyright. Tocopyan entire book or apartofit,permissionmustbereceivedfromthecopyrightowner,whowill most likely expect to be paid.
Copyrightlawdistinguishesbetweendifferenttypesofintellectualproperty. Musicmaybeplayedbyanyoneafteritispublished.However,ifitis performedforprofit,theperformersneedtopayafeecalledaroyalty.Asimilar principleappliestoperformancesofsongsandplays.Ontheotherhand,names, ideasandbooktitlesareexcepted.Ideasdonotbecomecopyrightedproperty untiltheyarepublishedinabookapaintingoramusicalwork.Almostall artisticworkcreatedbeforethe20thcenturyisnotcopyrightedbecauseitwas created before the copyright law was passed.
Thetwocommonwaysofinfringinguponthecopyrightareplagiarismand piracy.Plagiarizingtheworkofanotherpersonmeanspassingitoffasone’s own.ThewordplagiarismisderivedfromtheLatinplaglarus,whichmeans “abductor”.Piracymaybeanactofoneperson,but,inmanycases,itisajoint effortofseveralpeoplewhoreproducecopyrightedmaterialandsellitforprofit withoutpayingroyaltiestothecreator.Technologicalinnovationshavemade piracyeasyandanyonecanduplicateamotionpictureonvideotapeacomputer program,orabook.Videocassetterecorderscanbeusedbypracticallyanyone tocopymoviesandtelevisionprograms,andcopyingsoftwarehasbecome almostaseasyascopyingabook.Largecompanieszealouslymonitortheircopyrightsforslogans,advertisements,andbrandnames,protectedbya trademark
What does the passage mainly discuss?
Legal rights of property owners
Legal ownership of creative work
Examples of copyright piracy
Copying creating workfor profit
The word “principle”in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
crucialpoint
cardinalrole
fundamentalrule
formidableforce
WhichofthefollowingpropertiesisNOTmentionedasprotected by copyright?
music and plays
printedmedium
paintings and maps
scientific discoveries
It can be inferredfrom the passage thatit is legalif __________
two songs, written by two different composers, have thesame melody
two books, written by two different authors, havethe sametitles
two drawings, created by two different artists, have the same images
twoplays,createdbytwodifferentplaywrights,havethesameplotand characters
Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsistheauthormostlikely to agree?
Teachersarenotallowedtomakecopiesofpublishedmaterialsforuseby their students
Playswritteninthe16thcenturycannotbeperformedintheaterswithout permission
Singerscanpubliclysingonlythesongsforwhichtheywrotethemusicand the lyrics
It is illegal tomake photographs whensightseeing or traveling
Thephrase“infringingupon”inparagraph4isclosestinmeaning to _____
impinging upon
inducting for
violating
abhorring
Thepurposeofcopyrightlawismostcomparablewiththepurpose of which of the following?
A law against theft
A law against smoking
A schoolpolicy
A household rule
According to the passage, copyright law is _______
meticulouslyobserved
routinely ignored
frequentlydebated
zealouslyenforced
ReadthefollowingpassageandmarktheletterA,B, C,orD onyouranswersheettoindicatethecorrectanswertoeachofthe questions.
Cooperationisthecommonendeavoroftwoormorepeopletoperformatask orreachajointlycherishedgoal.Likecompetitionandconflict,thereare different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
Inthefirstform,knownasprimarycooperation,groupandindividualfuse. Thegroupcontainsnearlyallofeachindividual’slife.Therewardsofthe group’sworkaresharedwitheachmember.Thereisaninterlockingidentityof individual,groupandtaskperformed.Meansandgoalsbecomeone,for cooperationitself is valued.
Whileprimarycooperationismostoftencharacteristicofpreliteratesocieties, secondarycooperationischaracteristicofmanymodemsocieties.Insecondary cooperation,individualsdevoteonlypartoftheirlivestothegroup. Cooperationitselfisnotavalue.Mostmembersofthegroupfeelloyalty,but thewelfareofthegroupisnotthefirstconsideration.Membersperformtasks sothattheycanseparatelyenjoythefruitsoftheircooperationintheformof salaryprestige,orpower.Businessofficesandprofessionalathleticteamsare examples of secondary cooperation.Inthethirdtypecalledtertiarycooperationoraccommodation,latentconflict underliesthesharedwork.Theattitudesofthecooperatingpartiesarepurely opportunistic:theorganizationislooseandfragile.Accommodationinvolves commonmeanstoachieveantagonisticgoals:itbreaksdownwhenthe commonmeansceasetoaideachpartyinreachingitsgoals.Thisisnot,strictly speakingcooperationatall,andhencethesomewhatcontradictoryterm antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for thisrelationship.
Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinthefirstparagraphofto passage?
To urge readers to cooperate more often
To offer a brief definition ofcooperation
To explain how cooperationdiffers from competition and conflict
To show the importance ofgroup organization and attitudes
Thewordcherishedinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto _______________
defined
agreed on
prized
set up
Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutprimarycooperationis supported by information in thepassage?
Itisusuallythefirststageofcooperationachievedbyagroupofindividuals attempting tocooperate
Itismostcommonlyseenamongpeoplewhohavenotyetdevelopedreading and writing skills
It is an ideal that can neverbe achieved
Itwas confined toprehistoric times
Accordingtothepassage,whydopeoplejoingroupsthatpractice secondary cooperation?
To experience the satisfactionof cooperation
To associate withpeople who have similar backgrounds
To get rewards forthemselves
To defeat a common enemy
Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofthethirdformof cooperationas it is defined in the fourth paragraph?
Students form astudy group so that all ofthem canimprove their grades
Members of a farming community sharework and the food that they grow
Two rival political parties temporarily work togetherto defeat a thirdparty
Anewbusinessattemptstotakecustomersawayfromanestablished company
Whichof the following is NOT given as a name for the third type of cooperation?
Tertiary cooperation
Antagonistic cooperation
Accommodation
Latent conflict
The word “fragile” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
involuntary
poorlyplanned
inefficient
easilybroken
ReadthefollowingpassageandmarktheletterA,B, C,orD onyouranswersheettoindicatethecorrectanswertoeachofthe questions.
Mostpeoplecanrememberaphonenumberforuptothirtyseconds.When thisshortamountoftimeelapses,however,thenumbersareerasedfromthe memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makesitswaytotheshorttermmemory(STM)doessoviathesensorystorage area.Thebrainhasafilterwhichonlyallowsstimulithatisofimmediate interest topass on to the STM, also known as the working memory.
Thereismuchdebateaboutthecapacityanddurationoftheshortterm memoiy.ThemostacceptedtheorycomesfromGeorgeA.Miller,acognitive psychologistwhosuggestedthathumanscanrememberapproximatelyseven chunks ofinformation. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information suchasawordornameratherthanjustaletterornumber.Moderntheoristssuggestthatonecanincreasethecapacityoftheshorttermmemoryby chunking,orclassifyingsimilarinformationtogether.Byorganizing information,onecanoptimizetheSTM,andimprovethechancesofamemory being passed on to long term storage
Whenmakingaconsciousefforttomemorizesomething,suchasinformation foranexammanypeopleengagein"roterehearsal".Byrepeatingsomething overandoveragain,oneisabletokeepamemoryalive.Unfortunately,this typeofmemorymaintenanceonlysucceedsiftherearenointerruptions.As soonasapersonstopsrehearsingtheinformation,ithasthetendencyto disappear.Whenapenandpaperarenothandypeopleoftenattemptto rememberaphonenumberbyrepeatingitaloud.Ifthedoorbellringsorthe dogbarkstocomeinbeforeapersonhastheopportunitytomakeaphonecall, hewilllikelyforgetthenumberinstantly.Thereforeroterehearsalisnotan efficientwaytopassinformation fromtheshorttermtolongtermmemory.A betterwayistopractice"elaboraterehearsal".Thisinvolvesassigningsemantic meaningtoapieceofinformationsothatitcanbefiledalongwithotherpre-existing long term memories.
Encodinginformationsemanticallyalsomakesitmoreretrievable.Retrieving informationcanbedonebyrecognitionorrecall.Humanscaneasilyrecall memoriesthatarestoredinthelongtermmemoryandusedoften-however,if amemoryseemstobeforgotten,itmayeventuallybe retrievedbyprompting. Themorecuesapersonisgiven(suchaspictures),themorelikelyamemory canbereừieved.Thisiswhymultiplechoicetestsareoftenusedforsubjects that require a lot of memorization.
According to thepassage,howdo memories gettransferredtothe STM?
They revert fromthe long term memory.
They are filtered fromthe sensory storage area.
They get chunked when they enter the brain.
They enter via the nervous system. '
Allofthefollowingarementionedasplacesinwhichmemories are stored EXCEPT the:
STM
longtermmemory
sensorystoragearea
maintenance area
Why does the author mention adog’s bark?
To give an example of a type of memory
To providea type of interruption
To provethat dogs have bettermemories than humans
To compare another sound that is loud like adoorbell
The word “elaborate” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to:
complex
efficient
pretty
regular
Which of the following is NOT supported by the passage?
The working memory is the same astheshort termmemory.
A memory is kept alive through constant repetition,
Cues help people to recognize information.
Multiple choiceexams are themost difficult.
Howdotheoristsbelieveapersoncanremembermoreinformation in a short time?
By organizing it
By repeatingit
By giving it a name
By drawing it
The author believes that rote rotation is:
the best way to remember something
more efficient than chunking
ineffective in the long run
an unnecessary interruption
The word “cues” in the passage is closest inmeaningto
Questions
Clues
Images
Tests
