Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass

migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the others

to follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the route

by intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail

(5) pheromone – a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the context changes.

These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants in

either direction.

Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to

be kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use

(10) a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitive to these

signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana

calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three

times around Earth.

The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way,

(15) and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone will

evaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from side

to side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna into

the vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space.

(20) The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new course

until its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and so

weaves back and forth down the trail.

When was M.L. born? A. in 1909 B. in 1929 C. in 1949 D. 20 years after his parents had met.