Tính tổng \(S = \frac{1}{{1 - x}} + \frac{1}{{1 + x}} + \frac{2}{{1 + {x^2}}} + \frac{4}{{1 + {x^4}}} + \frac{8}{{1 + {x^8}}}\) với \(x = \sqrt 2 \).

Hướng dẫn giải

Ta có: \(S = \frac{1}{{1 - x}} + \frac{1}{{1 + x}} + \frac{2}{{1 + {x^2}}} + \frac{4}{{1 + {x^4}}} + \frac{8}{{1 + {x^8}}}\)

\(S = \frac{{1 + x}}{{\left( {1 - x} \right)\left( {1 + x} \right)}} + \frac{{1 - x}}{{\left( {1 - x} \right)\left( {1 + x} \right)}} + \frac{2}{{1 + {x^2}}} + \frac{4}{{1 + {x^4}}} + \frac{8}{{1 + {x^8}}}\)

\(S = \frac{2}{{1 - {x^2}}} + \frac{2}{{1 + {x^2}}} + \frac{4}{{1 + {x^4}}} + \frac{8}{{1 + {x^8}}}\)

\(S = \frac{{2\left( {1 + {x^2}} \right)}}{{\left( {1 - {x^2}} \right)\left( {1 + {x^2}} \right)}} + \frac{{2\left( {1 - {x^2}} \right)}}{{\left( {1 - {x^2}} \right)\left( {1 + {x^2}} \right)}} + \frac{4}{{1 + {x^4}}} + \frac{8}{{1 + {x^8}}}\)

\(S = \frac{{2 + 2{x^2} + 2 - 2{x^2}}}{{1 - {x^4}}} + \frac{4}{{1 + {x^4}}} + \frac{8}{{1 + {x^8}}}\)

\(S = \frac{4}{{1 - {x^4}}} + \frac{4}{{1 + {x^4}}} + \frac{8}{{1 + {x^8}}}\)

\(S = \frac{{4\left( {1 + {x^4}} \right)}}{{\left( {1 - {x^4}} \right)\left( {1 + {x^4}} \right)}} + \frac{{4\left( {1 - {x^4}} \right)}}{{\left( {1 + {x^4}} \right)\left( {1 + {x^4}} \right)}} + \frac{8}{{1 + {x^8}}}\)

\(S = \frac{{4 + 4{x^4} + 4 - 4{x^4}}}{{\left( {1 - {x^4}} \right)\left( {1 + {x^4}} \right)}} + \frac{8}{{1 + {x^8}}}\)

\(S = \frac{8}{{1 - {x^8}}} + \frac{8}{{1 + {x^8}}}\)

\(S = \frac{{8\left( {1 + {x^8}} \right)}}{{\left( {1 - {x^8}} \right)\left( {1 + {x^8}} \right)}} + \frac{{8\left( {1 - {x^8}} \right)}}{{\left( {1 - {x^8}} \right)\left( {1 + {x^8}} \right)}}\)

\(S = \frac{{16}}{{1 - {x^{16}}}}\).

Thay \(x = \sqrt 2 \) vào \(S = \frac{{16}}{{1 - {x^{16}}}}\), ta được: \(S = \frac{{16}}{{1 - {{\left( {\sqrt 2 } \right)}^{16}}}} = \frac{{16}}{{1 - {2^8}}} = \frac{{16}}{{1 - 256}} = \frac{{ - 16}}{{255}}\).

Vậy \(S = \frac{{ - 16}}{{255}}\).