ReadthefollowingpassageandmarktheletterA,B, C,orD onyouranswersheettoindicatethecorrectanswertoeachofthe questions.

Learningmeansacquiringknowledgeordevelopingtheabilitytoperform newbehaviors.It iscommon to think oflearning assomething thattakesplace inschool,butmuchofhumanlearningoccursoutsidetheclassroom,andpeople continue to learn throughout their lives.

Evenbeforetheyenterschool,youngchildrenlearntowalk,totalk,andto usetheirhandstomanipulatetoys,food,andotherobjects.Theyusealloftheir sensestolearnaboutthesights,sounds,tastes,andsmellsintheir environments.Theylearnhowtointeractwiththeirparents,siblings,friends, andotherpeopleimportanttotheirworld.Whentheyenterschool,children learn basic academicsubjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics. They alsocontinuetolearnagreatdealoutsidetheclassroom.Theylearnwhich behaviorsarelikelytoberewardedandwhicharelikelytobepunished.They learnsocialskillsforinteractingwithotherchildren.Aftertheyfinishschool, peoplemustlearntoadapttothemanymajorchangesthataffecttheirlives, suchasgettingmarried,raisingchildren,andfindingandkeepingajob. Becauselearning continues throughoutour lives andaffectsalmosteverything wedo,thestudyoflearningisimportantinmanydifferentfields.Teachersneedtounderstandthebestwaysto educatechildren.Psychologists,socialworkers, criminologists,andotherhuman-serviceworkersneedtounderstandhow certainexperienceschangepeople’sbehaviors.Employers,politicians,and advertisersmakeuseoftheprinciplesoflearningtoinfluencethebehaviorof workers, voters, and consumers.

Learningis closely relatedto memory, whichisthestorageofinformationin thebrain.Psychologistswhostudymemoryareinterestedinhowthebrain storesknowledge,wherethisstoragetakesplace,andhowthebrainlater retrievesknowledgewhenweneedit.Incontrast,psychologistswhostudy learningaremoreinterestedinbehaviorandhowbehaviorchangesasaresult of a person’s experiences.

Therearemanyformsoflearning,rangingfromsimpletocomplex.Simple formsof learning involve asingle stimulus. Astimulus is anything perceptible tothesenses,suchasasight,sound,smell,touch,ortaste.Inaformoflearning knownasclassicalconditioning,peoplelearntoassociatetwostimulithatoccur insequence,suchaslightningfollowedbythunder.Inoperantconditioning, peoplelearnbyforminganassociationbetweenabehaviorandits consequences(rewardorpunishment).Peopleandanimalscanalsolearnby observation-thatis,bywatchingothersperformbehaviors.Morecomplex formsof learning include learning languages, concepts, and motor skills.

The word “surreptitiously” is closest in meaning to