Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

In the era of globalization, mass media has emerged as both a conduit of cultural exchange and a catalyst of cultural homogenization. Through film, television, and music, dominant cultures circulate their narratives across borders, shaping consumer tastes and social norms worldwide. Yet the same process jeopardizes local traditions, which struggle to remain visible. The ubiquity of Western pop culture, obliterating many regions once saturated with indigenous practices, illustrates the asymmetry of influence. [I]

Scholars debate whether globalization enriches cultural hybridity or erodes distinctiveness. On one hand, exposure to foreign traditions can foster cosmopolitanism; on the other, unchecked dissemination often mirrors cultural imperialism. Media theorist John Tomlinson has argued that global flows of content tend to privilege dominant powers, marginalizing local voices. This tension becomes especially evident in emerging economies, where imported media frequently eclipses domestic production. [II]

Importantly, the media does not simply transmit culture passively; it reframes it. Content is adapted, or resisted, producing hybrid identities. “To consume global media is never to abandon one’s identity entirely; rather, it is to negotiate between worlds”, notes cultural critic Ines Tasya Jadidah. Nonetheless, corporations seeking profit standardize cultural products to reach wider audiences, thereby reducing diversity. [III]

Strategies to safeguard pluralism include promoting local content, supporting minority creators, and investing in media literacy. Nations such as France and Canada impose quotas requiring broadcasters to feature domestic productions. Meanwhile, grassroots initiatives empower marginalized communities to produce their own narratives, counteracting dominant scripts. Still, critics warn that without structural reforms in global media markets, such efforts may remain insufficient. [IV] The challenge, therefore, is not merely technical but ethical: how to balance cultural exchange with cultural survival. Policymakers must craft environments where diversity thrives, while corporations must embrace responsibility beyond profit. In this light, global media can function as both a bridge and a barrier.

(Adapted from Journal of East-West Thought)

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