Read the following passage about the urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

The Silent Struggles: Domestic and School Violence in Vietnam

[I] Domestic and school violence represent persistent and deeply concerning issues in Vietnam, often concealed beneath societal norms that prioritize family privacy and educational harmony. [II] Despite significant efforts by the government and various organizations to raise awareness and implement protective measures, the pervasive nature of these forms of violence continues to inflict profound psychological and physical harm on countless individuals, particularly the most vulnerable. [III] Understanding the nuances of these challenges is crucial for developing effective prevention and intervention strategies. [IV]

Domestic violence, encompassing physical, emotional, sexual, and economic abuse, remains alarmingly prevalent. While laws are in place to protect victims, cultural factors, such as the emphasis on maintaining family reputation and traditional gender roles, often deter victims from speaking out or seeking help. Many instances occur behind closed doors, making them difficult to detect and address. Women and children are disproportionately affected, enduring long-term trauma that impacts their mental health, educational attainment, and future relationships. For example, a child witnessing or experiencing violence at home may develop anxiety, depression, or behavioral problems, struggling to concentrate in school or form healthy social connections: This cycle of violence can tragically perpetuate itself across generations if not broken.

School violence, too, presents a multifaceted problem, ranging from physical assaults and bullying to cyberbullying and emotional intimidation. The rise of social media and digital platforms has unfortunately provided new avenues for harassment, extending beyond the school gates. While bullying might seem like a minor issue to some, its impact on victims can be devastating, leading to severe emotional distress, declining academic performance, and even suicidal thoughts. A student constantly ridiculed or ostracized by peers, for instance, might develop extreme shyness, withdraw from social activities, or refuse to attend school altogether. Teachers and school authorities often face challenges in identifying and addressing these incidents due to victims' reluctance to report, fear of retaliation, or inadequate training in handling complex social dynamics.

Addressing domestic and school violence requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach. Public awareness campaigns must challenge deep-seated cultural norms that normalize or excuse violence, encouraging victims and witnesses to report incidents. Education plays a vital role, not only in teaching students about healthy relationships and conflict resolution but also in training teachers and parents to recognize signs of abuse and respond appropriately. Strengthening legal frameworks, improving access to support services (like hotlines, shelters, and counseling), and ensuring swift, effective intervention from authorities are also essential. Ultimately, fostering a society where safety, respect, and open communication are paramount is key to dismantling these cycles of violence and protecting Vietnam's future generations.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct arrangement of the senten...