* Cơ chế phản ứng: Phản ứng trên xảy ra theo cơ chế thế gốc (S_R), gồm ba giai đoạn chính như sau:

- Giai đoạn khơi mào phản ứng:

Br−Br→to2Br•

- Giai đoạn phát triển mạch phản ứng:

\(C{H_3} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - H + B{r^ \bullet } \to C{H_3} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2} + HBr\)

\(C{H_3} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2} + Br - Br \to C{H_3} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - Br + B{r^ \bullet }\)

\[\begin{array}{l}C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits_{\left| {} \right.} H - C{H_3} + B{r^ \bullet } \to C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3} + HBr\\\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,H\end{array}\]

\(\begin{array}{l}C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3} + Br - Br \to C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits_{\left| {} \right.} H - C{H_3} + B{r^ \bullet }\\\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,Br\end{array}\)

…..

- Giai đoạn tắt mạch phản ứng:

\(B{r^ \bullet } + {}^ \bullet Br \to Br - Br\)

\(C{H_3} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2} + B{r^ \bullet } \to C{H_3} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - Br\)

\(\begin{array}{l}C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3} + B{r^ \bullet } \to C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits_{\left| {} \right.} H - C{H_3}\\\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,Br\end{array}\)

\(C{H_3} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2} + \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2} - C{H_2} - C{H_3} \to C{H_3} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - C{H_3}\)

\[\begin{array}{l}C{H_3} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2} + C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3} \to C{H_3} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits_{\left| {} \right.} H - C{H_3}\\\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,C{H_3}\end{array}\]

\(\begin{array}{l}C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3} + C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3} \to C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits_{\left| {} \right.} H - \mathop C\limits_{\left| {} \right.} H - C{H_3}\\\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,C{H_3}\,\,\,\,\,C{H_3}\end{array}\)

* Như vậy, các gốc tự do được tạo thành: \[C{H_3} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2};\,C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3}\]

Độ bền của gốc tự do phụ thuộc vào bậc của nguyên tử carbon chứa electron độc thân.

Ta có độ bền của các gốc tự do này như sau:

\[C{H_3} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2} < C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3}\]

Xác định tác nhân nucleophile trong phản ứng khi cho acetone tác dụng với hydrogen cyanide.