Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Cyberbullying is a very serious issue affecting not just the young victims, but also the victims' families, the bully, and those who witness instances of cyberbullying. It may be hard to figure out how some words of text on a computer screen can lead to such trauma.

People might think that face-to-face bullying is much worse than cyberbullying since the victims of real-world bullying have more difficulties escaping their tormentors, while a victim of cyberbullying can simply turn off the computer or block a bully on a social media platform. Unfortunately, it's not that simple. Face-to-face bullying can range from simple name-calling to more significant acts of bullying, such as rumor-spreading, harassment, threats, and incidents of physical harm between the victim and a bully (or group of bullies). While victims of real-world bullying can be granted a reprieve when they go home, there’s simply no escape from cyberbullying. It doesn’t end when the school bell rings. It can continue at any time, throughout all hours of the night, and come in the form of text messages, social media posts, chatroom messages, images and videos that have been altered, and many other digital forms.

Cyberbullying leaves little opportunity for victims to defend themselves. There are no teachers or parents to see what is happening and intervene to put a stop to it. Cyberbullying can also be anonymous, leaving the victim little recourse to even report the bully to an authority figure. If the victim knows who the bully is and chooses to block them on social media, they can simply create a new account, text, message, or use a friend's account. Kids today are extremely resourceful and savvy with technology. If they are intent on cyberbullying, there's not much a victim can do to stop them.

In essence, cyberbullying is more relentless, crueler, and more damaging than real-world bullying. It is also one of the most significant stressors in a young individual’s life.

The phrase “lead to” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______