Read the passage and choose the best option to answer each of the following questions

Read the passage and choose the best option to answer each of the following questions

In 2018, Jonathan Tudge, a professor at the University of North Carolina, and his colleagues published a series of studies examining how gratitude develops in children across seven countries: the United States, Brazil, Guatemala, Turkey, Russia, China, and South Korea. They found some similarities across cultures, as well as some differences - an initial glimpse at how our early steps toward gratefulness might be shaped by larger societal forces.

First, they asked a group of children from 7 to 14 years old, “What is your greatest wish?” and “What would you do for the person who granted you that wish?” Then, they grouped the kids’ answers into three categories:

• Verbal gratitude: Saying thank you in some way.

•  Concrete gratitude: Reciprocating with something the child likes, such as offering the person some candy or a toy.

•  Connective gratitude: Reciprocating with something the wish-granter would like, such as friendship or help.

In general, as you might expect, children were less likely to respond with concrete gratitude as they got older. Younger and older kids expressed verbal gratitude at similar rates—although there were exceptions to these trends. (Brazilian children showed more verbal gratitude as they got older, while concrete gratitude didn’t decline with age in Guatemala and China—where it was fairly rare to begin with). And as children grew older, they expressed more connective gratitude in the United States, China, and Brazil.

Despite these age-related similarities, differences were still seen between countries. Overall, children in China and South Korea tended to favor connective gratitude, while kids in the United States leaned toward concrete gratitude. Children in Guatemala—where it’s common to say “Thanks be to God” in everyday speech—were particularly partial to verbal gratitude.

Such variations in how children respond to kindness may set the stage for how they talk, act, and feel when they get older.

1. Which of the following is NOT concerned with Tudge’s study?