In many countries of Northern Europe, including Scandinavia, Finland, Northern Russia, and the Baltic states, ice swimming is closely connected with the tradition of sauna, (1)____ has led to

In many countries of Northern Europe, including Scandinavia, Finland, Northern Russia, and the Baltic states, ice swimming is closely connected with the tradition of sauna, (1)____ has led to the creation of a new activity where stays in the sauna are (2)_____ with quick 'pauses' in ice water. In Russia, ice swimmers are called what can be literally translated as 'walruses '.