Cho tứ diện OABC có ba cạnh OA, OB, OC đôi một vuông góc với nhau

Đáp án: \(\frac{{2a\sqrt {33} }}{{11}}\)

Phương pháp giải:

- Kẻ \(OM \bot AC{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \left( {M \in AC} \right)\), \(ON \bot AB{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \left( {N \in AB} \right)\), \(OP \bot BC{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \left( {P \in BC} \right)\). Khi đó ta có \(OP = a,\)\(OM = a\sqrt 2 ,\)\(ON = a\sqrt 3 \).

- Trong \[\left( {OCN} \right)\]kẻ \[OH \bot CN{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \left( {H \in CN} \right)\], chứng minh \[OH \bot \left( {ABC} \right)\].

- Sử dụng hệ thức lượng trong tam giác vuông để tính khoảng cách.

Giải chi tiết:

Kẻ \(OM \bot AC{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \left( {M \in AC} \right)\), \(ON \bot AB{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \left( {N \in AB} \right)\), \(OP \bot BC{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \left( {P \in BC} \right)\)

Khi đó ta có \[OP = a,{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} OM = a\sqrt 2 ,{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} ON = a\sqrt 3 \]

Trong \(\left( {OCN} \right)\) kẻ \(OH \bot CN{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \left( {H \in CN} \right)\) ta có:

\(\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{AB \bot ON}\\{AB \bot OC}\end{array}} \right. \Rightarrow AB \bot \left( {OCN} \right) \Rightarrow AB \bot OH\)

\(\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{OH \bot AB}\\{OH \bot CN}\end{array}} \right. \Rightarrow OH \bot \left( {ABC} \right) \Rightarrow d\left( {O;\left( {ABC} \right)} \right) = OH\)

Áp dụng hệ thức lượng trong tam giác vuông ta có:

\(\frac{1}{{O{H^2}}} = \frac{1}{{O{C^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{N^2}}} = \frac{1}{{O{A^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{B^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{C^2}}}\)

Lại có: \(\frac{1}{{O{M^2}}} = \frac{1}{{O{A^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{C^2}}};{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \frac{1}{{O{N^2}}} = \frac{1}{{O{A^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{B^2}}};{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \frac{1}{{O{P^2}}} = \frac{1}{{O{B^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{C^2}}}\)

\( \Rightarrow \frac{1}{{O{M^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{N^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{P^2}}} = 2\left( {\frac{1}{{O{A^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{B^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{C^2}}}} \right)\)

\( \Rightarrow \frac{1}{{O{A^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{B^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{C^2}}} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {\frac{1}{{O{M^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{N^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{P^2}}}} \right)\)

\( \Rightarrow \frac{1}{{O{A^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{B^2}}} + \frac{1}{{O{C^2}}} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {\frac{1}{{2{a^2}}} + \frac{1}{{3{a^2}}} + \frac{1}{{{a^2}}}} \right) = \frac{{11}}{{12{a^2}}}\)

\( \Rightarrow \frac{1}{{O{H^2}}} = \frac{{11}}{{12{a^2}}} \Rightarrow OH = \frac{{2a\sqrt {33} }}{{11}}\)

Vậy \(d\left( {O;\left( {ABC} \right)} \right) = \frac{{2a\sqrt {33} }}{{11}}\).